Chemical Processes
Caves form primarily through chemical weathering where water dissolves soluble rock like limestone. Carbonic acid, formed when rainwater combines with carbon dioxide, slowly dissolves calcium carbonate in the rock. This process, called karstification, creates cavities that expand over thousands of years. Underground water movement determines cave patterns and passage development.
Mineral Deposits
Cave decorations form when mineral-rich water enters air-filled chambers. Stalactites grow downward from cave ceilings as dripping water deposits dissolved minerals. Stalagmites build upward from cave floors where water drops land. Other formations include flowstones, created by water flowing over surfaces, and helictites that seem to defy gravity. Each formation's growth depends on water chemistry and flow patterns.
Ecosystem Development
Cave environments support specialized organisms adapted to permanent darkness. Troglobites evolve unique features like lost pigmentation and enhanced sensory organs. Cave systems influence local hydrology through underground rivers and aquifers. These environments preserve evidence of past climate changes and provide habitats for unique species like bats.Shutdown123